巴赫汀之狂歡節筆記

前言
狂歡節,是一個發生在歐洲的特有現象,出現於古代的歐洲,所表現出來的其實是人的本能,其實就是人的真實獸性。20世紀以來,歐洲各大哲學家對此均有研究,然而在亞洲社會,對此現象表現地相當保守,甚至避而不談,所以中文的相關研究非常稀疏。即使有也常常用極其文雅的言辭來描述,常讓人摸不著頭緒。
本篇是作者的筆記,個人筆記無所謂道德的約束,因此文字上相對於學術文章,有著極大的差異。若無法認同,請視而不見吧!

狂歡節,是眾人(平民)自發的活動,它表現爭脫社會道德規範,表現他們心底本能的慾望:注視性器官、性交、濫交、粗野的咒罵對話、極盡地破壞道德規範。

為什麼會有這種行為,而且持續在人類文明社會活動近千年?
因為,這是「人性」,人的本能,人的原始慾望;簡單的說,就是人的獸性。
這些行為慾望,在平時的文明社會被壓抑,因為社會的道德約束,大部份人們將這些想法隱藏在心裡,只有在特別的時刻才會表現出來。

而這狂歡節的理論,被NYU學者Rober Stam研究後,逐漸轉變成一種吸引人目光的編劇手法。他歸納了13項基礎理論,這也就是無厘頭的理論基礎了。
試想想,無厘頭引起的注意與笑聲,常常是因為破壞規則,或觸發了觀眾心裡的慾望。當觀眾看到心裡的慾望出現在眼前時,立刻就會被吸引。

以下是筆記內容:


http://www.pkucn.com/viewthread.php?tid=23611
嘉年華或「狂歡荒誕的」(carnivalesque)是俄國理論家兼批評家Mikhail Bakhtin發展出來的觀念,這個概念汲取自中世紀嘉年華的言行,在某個得到允許的片刻,人民可以脫離勞動而享受休假,並且在此過程中嘲諷教會與國家的權威。因此,嘉年華翻轉了世界,可以視為是底層民眾顛覆性的輕蔑動作,他們在這個時刻也縱情於身體的快感,吃喝玩樂,從事雜交的性活動。這種過度放縱同樣也公然侮蔑了禮儀社會的端莊合宜。Bakhtin主張這種社會模式被拉伯雷拿來作為文學諷刺的形式,並且採用了他認為是關鍵特色的那些「脫冕活動」(decrowning activity),例如乖僻、大笑、虐仿、褻瀆和「重複」(doubling)。Robert Stam將Bakhtin的思想應用於電影上,解釋了這個概念的持續吸引力,他指出,在嘉年華裡「每樣源自社會階層性不平等的事物,或是任何其他人與人之間的不平等,都被懸置了」(王志弘,2002:182)。

感覺這些東西跟「無厘頭」的關係很大,看他的例子裡面,有很多是在搞笑的!

The Space of Carnival
To understand carnival and its energies we will look at film. Robert Stam, who we met in the last session, is a film theorist at New York University, and his book Subversive Pleasures lays out a thirteen-point summary of the Bakhtinian carnival:

1. The valorization of Eros and the life force. 穩定愛神與生命的力量

Often symbolic of the life force, Eros is connected to sex, procreation, and love.
這裡講的好像是一些常規。Eros是愛神(羅馬神話叫邱比特),代表生命、性愛、生殖。
The introduction of sexuality or sexual energies into any normative situation is usually seen as disruptive.
如果在正常的地方表現出性慾,是一種破壞的感覺。
就像是服裝規範,如果在法院裡穿比基尼,感覺很怪,而且是一種不尊重。

2. Ritual sacrifice, the concatenation of life and death, of Eros and Thanatos, as symbolized by orgiastic sacrifice. 犧牲儀式,串連了愛神與死神,像徵狂歡的生與死

Thanatos is Eros' opposite, the God of death, and so the celebration of Eros and Thanatos brings together life and death.  This marriage of opposites has always produced intensity.

Eros是愛神,Thanatos是死神。在同一場合慶祝生與死,是一種很怪的組合。
不過好萊塢常用這種手法,像是小孩在戰火中出生。


3. Bisexuality and the practice of transvestitism as a release from the burden of socially imposed sex roles. 雙性戀與變裝癖的扮演來釋放社會給予性別角色的負擔

雙性戀、變裝癖是在釋放性別的界線。這樣的表現也是一個怪!



4.
A corporeal semiotic celebrating the grotesque, excessive body, and the orifices and protuberances of the lower bodily stratum.(過多的組織、機構) (注目性徵)
Anything that goes against the proper rules and regulations of culture and society would have a carnivalizing effect.
任何相要違反文化上的正常規則,可能會有「嘉年華效應」(瘋狂化的行為)
所以是說,他們在手舞足蹈的是下半身!例如:萬聖節變裝成六個奶的人。
肉體低下部分顛覆高尚部位的卑賤化

5. The foregrounding of social overturning and "the world upside down." 社會顛覆 顯示反社會與失序現象 (透過反社會的力量讓世界混亂)

"the subversion of power via the world upside down."  透過反社會的力量讓世界混亂
課堂的例子是Ellen她與朋友想玩不一樣的,所以去了「正常人的酒吧」,後來發現整個世界變成gay世界,正常男女親吻變得很奇怪。
所以是說,顛覆了社會價值觀,把本來奇怪的事變合理了。

6.
Perpetual crowning and uncrowning, implying the permanence of change as the source of popular hope. 加冕與脫冕 群眾永遠希望加冕與脫冕一直不斷變化。
The question is: Who or what rules your life? Do they, or it, need to be uncrowned, dethroned every now and then?
他說每個嘉年華會後,都會選一個王與后。問題是:是誰或什麼主宰了你的生活?真的主宰了嗎?或之後它應該要被「脫冕」,廢黜?

* "Change is a source of hope."
脫冕是說去把王冠拿下來(別人的動作),像是歐巴馬把布希的王冠拿下來。

In the West, rationalism has exercised a dictatorship for the last three hundred years, yet when carnival comes, rationality is unseated, and perverse behavior comes to the fore.

西方世界,理性主義獨裁統治三百年,但當狂歡節來臨時,理性就被驅逐,瘋狂的行為取而代之。

在狂歡節時有各式的演出,構成狂歡劇的是「火」、「笑」、「諷刺模擬」、「廣場」等狂歡場景,主要的儀式是笑謔地給狂歡國王加冕和隨後脫冕。這是一個合二為一的雙重儀式,是狂歡式世界感受的核心,這個的核心是交替與變更、死亡與新生的精神。在演出時,受加冕者一般是與國王有天壤之別的人,通常是奴隸或小丑,以類似沐猴而冠的方式,諷刺非狂歡世界中絕對的、沈重的和極端嚴肅的東西,如此,為狂歡式的小丑「加冕」之時,也就是非狂歡的國王「脫冕」的開始,而脫冕之時,則預示著又一次加冕。所有狂歡式裡的象徵物都是如此,誕生中孕育著死亡,死亡中孕育新的誕生;狂歡節上火的形象,也帶有這樣的雙重性,它既毀滅世界,同時更新了世界;源於遠古宗教儀式的笑,是針對崇高的事物如天上諸神,在狂歡節中,則是否定的譏笑與肯定的歡呼的結合;諷刺模擬和廣場,也都帶有雙重性質,模擬死亡是為了獲得新生,廣場包容全民,而所有人都必須加入親暱的交際(巴赫金,《詩學》,1998:163-9)。這種鮮明的雙重性,傳遞出民間社會源源不絕的活力。
來源:http://www.cc.ncu.edu.tw/~csa/oldjournal/28/journal_park223.htm

7. "Gay relativity," and Janus-face ambivalence and ambiguity.
“GAY 相對論” 與 Janus(雙面神) 面對 矛盾與分歧。
雅努斯 羅馬神話的新年神(一月)、門神、雙面神

He is always two-faced, saying one thing and doing another, causing mayhem and confusion. But always, from the chaos, comes something new.
一邊臉看過去,一邊臉看未來。永遠說一套做一套。製造了疑惑與混亂。但混亂帶來了新生!
騙子!但仍是一個重要的角色。

8. Carnival as a locus of oceanic feelings of union with the community. 嘉年華的軌跡是社會的廣大感受(情感)。


群眾聚集造成混亂,是革命的種子。群眾是需要放鬆,但也可能造成混亂,所以警察才會在旁邊監控。

9. Carnival as the "space of the sacred" and a "time in parentheses" of mystical union with the cosmos. 嘉年華是「神聖空間」與「在括號裡的時間」在宇宙裡的神密組織。 括號裡的時間

以週休二日為例,這兩天休假就是括號外的時間,也是一種小狂歡。

10.Valorization of the obscene, the nonsensical, and vulgar speech. 穩定淫穢、荒謬、庸俗對話。笨蛋的對白


11.
A rejection of social decorum; a release from oppressive etiquette, politeness, and good manners.
一種排拆社會規範的反應;從壓迫的禮節、禮貌、好行為中的一種釋放。

從規範中釋放
或說在高雅的地方做無禮的動作,噁心!

12. An anti-classical aesthetic emphasizing asymmetry, heterogeneity, the oxymoronic, and misalliance.
一種反古典美學強調的不對稱性、異質性、自相矛盾與和身份低者結婚。
反古典美學 脫序的行為

We have other tendencies, however, which go on display during carnival.

狂歡時有這種行為:做一些超乎一般人期待的行為,就是無厘頭啦!

周星馳:酷刑後,我還有點餓...

13. Participatory spectacle, a "pageant without footlights" that erases the boundaries between spectator and performer
參與場面,一種”沒有打燈的選美”消除了觀眾與表演者的界線。
 參與 場面

他的意思應該是打破階級的界線!
The notion of spectacle implies distance, undergoes an oxymoronic reversal, as the audience surges all over it to become the performance.
範例影片是在說:演員有感覺到配樂,往旁一看竟有交響樂團在演奏。(平常是不合理,在電影裡就變得合理,而且有點好玩)



整理各家對Carnival的看法

Nietzsche

"Either under the influence of the narcotic draught, of which the songs of all primitive men and peoples speak, or with the potent coming of spring that penetrates all nature with joy, these Dionysian emotions awake, and as they grow in intensity everything subjective vanishes into complete selfforgetfulness. In the German Middle Ages, too, singing and dancing crowds, ever increasing in number, whirled themselves from place to place under the same Dionysian impulse. In these dancers of St. John and St. Vitus, we rediscover the Bacchic choruses of the Greeks… There are some who, from obtuseness or lack of experience, turn away from such phenomena as 'folk diseases,' with contempt or pity born of the consciousness of their own 'healthy-mindedness.' But of course such poor wretches have no idea how corpselike and ghostly their so-called 'healthy-mindedness' looks when the glowing life of the Dionysian revelers roars past them."
"Formerly, all works of art adorned the great festival mood of humanity, to commemorate high and happy moments. Now one uses works of art to lure aside from the great via dolorosa of humanity those who are wretched, exhausted and sick and to offer them a brief lustful moment - a little intoxication and madness."

Stam

"Carnival generates a special kind of universal laughter, a cosmic gaiety that is directed at everyone, including the carnival's participants. For the carnivalesque spirit, laughter has deep philosophical meaning; it constitutes a special perspective on experience, one that is no less profound than seriousness or tears."

Foucault

"Heterotopias are disturbing, probably because they secretly undermine language, because they make it impossible to name this and that, because they shatter or tangle common names, because they destroy 'syntax' in advance, and not only the syntax with which we construct sentences but also that less apparent syntax which causes words and things (next to and opposite one another) to 'hold together.'"

Bahktin

"Carnival is not only a dualistic, prankish, and purely momentary inversion of society, destined in the last analysis to justify in an 'objectively' conservative fashion the world as it is. It is rather more an instrument of satiric, lyric, epic knowledge for groups in their complexity; therefore, (it is) an instrument of action, with eventual modifying force, in the direction of social change and possible progress… The feast and social change do not always go in the same direction."